"[The young black males are] shuttled into prisons, branded as criminals and felons, and then when they're released, they're relegated to a permanent second-class status, stripped of the very rights supposedly won in the civil rights movement — like the right to vote, the right to serve on juries, the right to be free of legal discrimination and employment, and access to education and public benefits. It's concentrated in extremely small pockets, communities defined almost entirely by race and class, and in these communities it's not just one out of 10 who serve time behind bars. Drug abuse and drug addiction is not unique to poor communities of color. "People are swept into the criminal justice system — particularly in poor communities of color — at very early ages... typically for fairly minor, nonviolent crimes, " she tells Fresh Air's Dave Davies. The minute I was really sure I was giving up, a letter would come. I sighed, and muttered to myself something like, "Yeah, the criminal justice system is racist in many ways, but it really doesn't help to make such an absurd comparison. They don't require to even changing the law. Racial profiling, criminalization, and mass incarceration of African-Americans constitute today's legal system for institutionalized racism, discrimination, and exclusion. Simply arresting people for drug crimes [does] nothing to address the serious problems of drug abuse and drug addiction that exist in this country. There's actually voting drives that are conducted inside prisons. That would have been twenty years ago from today. Yet when I walked out of the election night party, full of hope and enthusiasm, I was immediately reminded of the harsh realities of the New Jim Crow. Denying African Americans citizenship was deemed essential to the formation of the original union. Private prison companies now listed on the New York Stock Exchange would be forced to watch their profits vanish if we do away with the system of mass incarceration.
It's the way we respond to crime and how we view those people who have been labeled criminals. It may be impossible to overstate the significance of race in defining the basic structure of American society. You know, I'm too tired, I have too much going on, I'm not doing this. The New Jim Crow is filled with passages that explain the disparate impacts of the US criminal justice system. All of us are sinners. For the rest of your life, you have to check that box on employment applications asking have you ever been convicted of a felony. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more!
Those prisons would have to close down. Like slavery and Jim Crow before it, the New Jim Crow was instituted by appealing to the vulnerability and racism of lower-class whites, who felt threatened economically and socially by black progress, and who want to ensure they're never at the bottom of the American social ladder. Slavery defined what it meant to be black (a slave), and Jim Crow defined what it meant to be black (a second-class citizen). A black man was on his knees in the gutter, hands cuffed behind his back, as several police officers stood around him talking, joking, and ignoring his human existence. Lani Guinier, professor at Harvard Law School and author of Lift Every Voice: Turning a Civil Rights Setback into a New Vision of Social Justice. What began with a political agenda rapidly proliferated to many stakeholders, all incentivized to maximize the war on drugs and mass incarceration without being consciously racially biased. A multi-racial, multi-ethnic human rights movement must be [? This evidence will almost never be available in the era of colorblindness, because everyone knows—but does not say—that the enemy in the War on Drugs can be identified by race.
So it was really as a result of myself representing victims of racial profiling and police brutality, and investigating patterns of drug-law enforcement in poor communities of color, and attempting to assist people who had been released from prison as they faced one closed door and one barrier after another to mere survival after being released from prison that I had a series of experiences that began what I have come to call my awakening. So why would he declare an all-out war on drugs at a time when drug crime is actually declining, not on the rise, and the American public isn't much concerned about it? In a growing number of states, you're actually expected to pay back the cost of your imprisonment. In this quote, Alexander lays out her thesis for the entire book, which negates all these commonly held beliefs.
Study Guide, Book, and Multimedia. So the Reagan administration actually launched a media campaign to publicize the crack epidemic in inner-city communities, hiring staff whose job it was to publicize inner-city crack babies, crack dealers or so-called crack whores and crack-related violence, in an effort to boost public support for this war they had already declared [and to inspire] Congress to devote millions more dollars to waging it. The consolidation of the criminal justice system as a new vehicle for racial control came under Ronald Reagan, who declared the "war on drugs" at a time when drug use was actually on the decline. It is like this everywhere in America, but how we respond to drug abuse and drug addiction in poor communities of color is radically different than how we respond to it in more privileged communities. Politicians who appeal to scared constituents and one-up each other on being tough on crime (including Clinton and Obama). Give me a sense of what's happened over the last 40 years in terms of the numbers of people in prison, in terms of how it's affected specific communities, whether it's very high turnover or people coming on now.
Most new prison constructions employ predominantly white rural communities, communities that are struggling themselves economically, communities that have come to view prisons as their source of jobs, their economic base. A seismic culture shift must happen in law enforcement – black people must no longer be viewed as the enemy. Nationwide, young people are organizing against mass incarceration on campuses. Today's lynching is incarceration. The metaphor of closed doors is apt because while doors may literally be closed in terms of suits not able to proceed, the image of a...
"Martin Luther King Jr. called for us to be lovestruck with each other, not colorblind toward each other. "Sociologists have frequently observed that governments use punishment primarily as a tool of social control, and thus the extent or severity of punishment is often unrelated to actual crime patterns. Millions more dollars flowed to law enforcement. Throughout the book, Alexander examines how colorblindness and the absence race often serves as a quiet, insidious way to embed racist ideology into national systems. We have got to be able to tell this truth, rather than dressing it up, massaging it, trying to make it appear that it's something other than it is.
Basic human rights must be honored. Well, in my view, nothing short of a major social movement has any hope of ending mass incarceration in America. Things like literacy tests for voters and laws designed to prevent blacks from serving on juries were commonplace in nearly a dozen Southern states. Mass incarceration is a massive system of racial and social control. As legal scholar David Cole has observed, "in practice, the drug-courier profile is a scattershot hodgepodge of traits and characteristics so expansive that it potentially justifies stopping anybody and everybody. "
It makes thriving economies nearly impossible to create. A war has been declared on them, and they have been rounded up for engaging in precisely the same crimes that go largely ignored in middle-and upper-class white communities—possession". Give me a sense of the progression and how through each president since Nixon the incarceration system has been ramped up, and sometimes in unexpected ways. And so I think that happens for all of us, when we know there's something we ought to be doing that feels hard, and yet fear whispers to us, to the voices of others, and forces us to do the work that is there for us to do. And in these communities where incarceration has become so normalized, when it becomes part of the normal life course for young people growing up, it decimates those communities. But in ghetto communities, where there is more than enough reason to be depressed and anxious, you don't have that option of having lots of hours in therapy to work through your issues, to get prescribed lots of legal drugs to help you cope with your grief, your anxiety. It's just part of what happens to you when you grow up.
Conducting large numbers of stop-and-frisk and SWAT house raids in poor communities of color provokes considerably less political backlash than doing the same in an affluent white suburb. And it was like my conscience. They have no reason to believe otherwise. Or the suburban high school student who has a drinking problem but keeps getting behind the wheel?
In the words of Benjamin Todd Jealous, president and CEO of the NAACP, this book is a "call to action. After all, committing a crime is a voluntary action. My elation would have been tempered by the distance yet to be traveled to reach the promised land of racial justice in America, but my conviction that nothing remotely similar to Jim Crow exists in this country would have been steadfast. Indeed, a primary function of any racial caste system is to define the meaning of race in its time. People find themselves rotating from home to home, sleeping on couches or trying to find places to stay because they can't get access to basic housing. As factories closed, jobs were shipped overseas, deindustrialization and globalization led to depression in inner-city communities nationwide, and crime rates began to rise. The kid in the 'hood who joined a gang and now carries a gun for security, because his neighborhood is frightening and unsafe? For it has been the refusal and failure to recognize the dignity and humanity of all people that has been the sturdy foundation of every caste system that has ever existed in the United States, or anywhere else in the world. Even when released from the system's formal control, the stigma of criminality lingers.
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