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The Advantages of Glycolysis Glycolysis produces ATP very fast, which is an advantage when the energy demands of the cell suddenly increase. Cellular Respiration Overview. Equation for Cellular Respiration. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key worksheet. However, it usually results in the production of 36 ATP molecules. Great for middle school or introductory high school courses. Directions: Watch Cellular Processes: Electron Transport Chain and Cellular Processes: ATP Synthase to learn how electrons are passed through proteins in the electron transport chain and ATP is produced.
The Krebs Cycle During the Krebs cycle, the second stage of cellular respiration, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis is broken down into carbon dioxide. Cellular Respiration: The Citric Acid Cycle (or Krebs Cycle). Electron Transport Energy generated by the electron transport chain is used to move H+ ions against a concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the intermembrane space. Weakness is your body's way of telling you that your energy supplies are low. It's actually quite amazing. The answer is cellular respiration. However, anaerobic respirers use altered ETS carriers encoded by their genomes, including distinct complexes for electron transfer to their final electron acceptors. These electron transfers take place on the inner part of the cell membrane of prokaryotic cells or in specialized protein complexes in the inner membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. These notes include Glycolysis, Oxidation of Pyruvate, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Anaerobic Respiration. Citric Acid Production Acetyl-CoA combines with a 4-carbon molecule to produce citric acid. Therefore, electrons move from electron carriers with more negative redox potential to those with more positive redox potential. Chapter 9 Student Edition Full | PDF | Cellular Respiration | Glycolysis. I tried my best to visually layout the metabolic pathways of Cellular Respiration for my AP Biology students. For example, the gram-negative opportunist Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the gram-negative cholera-causing Vibrio cholerae use cytochrome c oxidase, which can be detected by the oxidase test, whereas other gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, like E. coli, are negative for this test because they produce different cytochrome oxidase types. Overall, 2 molecules of ATP are produced.
Compare and contrast the differences between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis does not require oxygen, so it can quickly supply energy to cells when oxygen is unavailable. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key chemistry. Overall, the theoretical maximum yield of ATP made during the complete aerobic respiration of glucose is 38 molecules, with four being made by substrate-level phosphorylation and 34 being made by oxidative phosphorylation (Figure 8. Learning Objectives.
Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Along the way, ATP (energy for cells) is produced. These ATP molecules come from glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. You're Reading a Free Preview. These nutrients enter your cells and are converted into adenosine triphosphate ( ATP). This represents about 36 percent of the total energy of glucose. For example, the number of hydrogen ions that the electron transport system complexes can pump through the membrane varies between different species of organisms. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key biology. 2 The Process of Cellular Respiration.
If you are like most people, you feel sluggish, a little dizzy, and weak. One possible alternative to aerobic respiration is anaerobic respiration, using an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as a final electron acceptor. There are many circumstances under which aerobic respiration is not possible, including any one or more of the following: - The cell lacks genes encoding an appropriate cytochrome oxidase for transferring electrons to oxygen at the end of the electron transport system. Glycolysis is the first set of reactions that occur during cellular respiration. Electron transport is a series of chemical reactions that resembles a bucket brigade in that electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed rapidly from one ETS electron carrier to the next. The turning of the parts of this molecular machine regenerates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by oxidative phosphorylation, a second mechanism for making ATP that harvests the potential energy stored within an electrochemical gradient. Thus, the 10 NADH molecules made per glucose during glycolysis, the transition reaction, and the Krebs cycle carry enough energy to make 30 ATP molecules, whereas the two FADH2 molecules made per glucose during these processes provide enough energy to make four ATP molecules. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, meaning it occurs without oxygen. The cell lacks a sufficient amount of oxygen to carry out aerobic respiration. Do both aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration use an electron transport chain? Energy Extraction Citric acid is broken down into a 5-carbon compound and then a 4-carbon compound. Carbons are broken down and released as carbon dioxide while ATP is made and electrons are passed to electron carriers, NADH and FADH2.
Cellular respiration is often expressed as a chemical equation: This equation shows that during cellular respiration, one glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. For a protein or chemical to accept electrons, it must have a more positive redox potential than the electron donor. Directions: Watch the video Energy Consumption: An Overview for a look at the different cellular processes responsible for generating and consuming energy. This 22 slide PowerPoint presentation covers 8 questions on the topic of cellular respiration. These carriers can pass electrons along in the ETS because of their redox potential.
This electrochemical gradient formed by the accumulation of H+ (also known as a proton) on one side of the membrane compared with the other is referred to as the proton motive force (PMF). There is an uneven distribution of H+ across the membrane that establishes an electrochemical gradient because H+ ions are positively charged (electrical) and there is a higher concentration (chemical) on one side of the membrane. Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis. The tendency for movement in this way is much like water accumulated on one side of a dam, moving through the dam when opened. Chemiosmosis, Proton Motive Force, and Oxidative Phosphorylation. The NADH carries high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain, where they are used to produce ATP. Complex carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars like glucose. Cellular Respiration: Electron Transport Chain. A large amount of ATP is generated during this stage — 32 ATP molecules to be exact!
Watch for a general overview. ATP is a source of usable energy for cells and is the key energy molecule for all biological organisms. What are the functions of the proton motive force? The cell lacks genes encoding enzymes to minimize the severely damaging effects of dangerous oxygen radicals produced during aerobic respiration, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or superoxide. In prokaryotic cells, H+ is pumped to the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane (called the periplasmic space in gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria), and in eukaryotic cells, they are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space. Beyond the use of the PMF to make ATP, as discussed in this chapter, the PMF can also be used to drive other energetically unfavorable processes, including nutrient transport and flagella rotation for motility. Under aerobic conditions (i. e., oxygen is present), the pyruvate and NADH molecules made during glycolysis move from the cytoplasm into the matrix of the mitochondria. There are many types of anaerobic respiration found in bacteria and archaea. The electron transport system (ETS) is the last component involved in the process of cellular respiration; it comprises a series of membrane-associated protein complexes and associated mobile accessory electron carriers (Figure 8. Most ATP, however, is generated during a separate process called oxidative phosphorylation, which occurs during cellular respiration. Microbes using anaerobic respiration commonly have an intact Krebs cycle, so these organisms can access the energy of the NADH and FADH2 molecules formed. Reward Your Curiosity. In aerobic respiration in mitochondria, the passage of electrons from one molecule of NADH generates enough proton motive force to make three ATP molecules by oxidative phosphorylation, whereas the passage of electrons from one molecule of FADH2 generates enough proton motive force to make only two ATP molecules.
ATP Production H+ ions pass back across the mitochondrial membrane through the ATP synthase, causing the ATP synthase molecule to spin. ATP synthase (like a combination of the intake and generator of a hydroelectric dam) is a complex protein that acts as a tiny generator, turning by the force of the H+ diffusing through the enzyme, down their electrochemical gradient from where there are many mutually repelling H+ to where there are fewer H+.