16 summarizes the theoretical maximum yields of ATP from various processes during the complete aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule. Glycolysis does not require oxygen, so it can quickly supply energy to cells when oxygen is unavailable. Biology 2010 Student Edition Chapter 9, Cellular Respiration and Fermentation - 9.2 - The Process of Cellular Respiration - 9.2 Assessment - Page 260 4a | GradeSaver. So each molecule of glucose results in two complete "turns" of the Krebs cycle. There are many types of anaerobic respiration found in bacteria and archaea.
Overall, 2 molecules of ATP are produced. Many aerobically respiring bacteria, including E. coli, switch to using nitrate as a final electron acceptor and producing nitrite when oxygen levels have been depleted. Directions: Watch The Citric Acid Cycle: An Overview to see how pyruvate is broken down during the citric acid cycle. There pyruvate feeds into the next stage of respiration, which is called the citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle). 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key gizmo. Complex carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars like glucose. The answer is cellular respiration. Cellular Respiration Summary. Equation for Cellular Respiration. Directions: Watch Cellular Processes: Electron Transport Chain and Cellular Processes: ATP Synthase to learn how electrons are passed through proteins in the electron transport chain and ATP is produced. Cellular Respiration: The Citric Acid Cycle (or Krebs Cycle).
We have just discussed two pathways in glucose catabolism—glycolysis and the Krebs cycle—that generate ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. A large amount of ATP is generated during this stage — 32 ATP molecules to be exact! The Advantages of Glycolysis Glycolysis produces ATP very fast, which is an advantage when the energy demands of the cell suddenly increase. Chemiosmosis, Proton Motive Force, and Oxidative Phosphorylation. Everything you want to read. Energy Extraction Citric acid is broken down into a 5-carbon compound and then a 4-carbon compound. Energy Extraction Each molecule of glucose results in 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, which enter the Krebs cycle. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key biology. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Pages 12 to 22 are not shown in this preview. This electron carrier, cytochrome oxidase, differs between bacterial types and can be used to differentiate closely related bacteria for diagnoses. This flow of hydrogen ions across the membrane, called chemiosmosis, must occur through a channel in the membrane via a membrane-bound enzyme complex called ATP synthase (Figure 8.
Beyond the use of the PMF to make ATP, as discussed in this chapter, the PMF can also be used to drive other energetically unfavorable processes, including nutrient transport and flagella rotation for motility. At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons combine with H+ ions and oxygen to form water. These electron transfers take place on the inner part of the cell membrane of prokaryotic cells or in specialized protein complexes in the inner membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. Directions: Watch the video Energy Consumption: An Overview for a look at the different cellular processes responsible for generating and consuming energy. In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor (i. e., the one having the most positive redox potential) at the end of the ETS is an oxygen molecule (O2) that becomes reduced to water (H2O) by the final ETS carrier. Along the way, ATP (energy for cells) is produced. The Krebs Cycle During the Krebs cycle, the second stage of cellular respiration, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis is broken down into carbon dioxide. I made these as a resource for my students to use while studying and do not use them as guided notes during my instruction, however, I did include a fill-in-the-blanks version for any teacher who'd prefer that style. The cell lacks a sufficient amount of oxygen to carry out aerobic respiration. The remaining 2 carbon atoms react to form acetyl-CoA. You're Reading a Free Preview. The tendency for movement in this way is much like water accumulated on one side of a dam, moving through the dam when opened. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key of life. Therefore, for each glucose molecule, 6 CO2 molecules, 2 ATP molecules, 8 NADH molecules, and 2 FADH2 molecules are produced in the Kreb's cycle.. Electron Transport NADH and FADH2 pass their high-energy electrons to electron carrier proteins in the electron transport chain. Thus, the 10 NADH molecules made per glucose during glycolysis, the transition reaction, and the Krebs cycle carry enough energy to make 30 ATP molecules, whereas the two FADH2 molecules made per glucose during these processes provide enough energy to make four ATP molecules.
What are the functions of the proton motive force? If you like this these notes, you can follow these lin. ATP Production H+ ions pass back across the mitochondrial membrane through the ATP synthase, causing the ATP synthase molecule to spin. These nutrients enter your cells and are converted into adenosine triphosphate ( ATP). Now that we have studied each stage of cellular respiration in detail, let's take another look at the equation that summarizes cellular respiration and see how various processes relate to it: The potential energy of this electrochemical gradient generated by the ETS causes the H+ to diffuse across a membrane (the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells and the inner membrane in mitochondria in eukaryotic cells). Weakness is your body's way of telling you that your energy supplies are low. Can be used with Cornell notes. I tried my best to visually layout the metabolic pathways of Cellular Respiration for my AP Biology students. 2 ATP are usually required to bring the pyruvic acid into the matrix. By the end of this section, you will be able to: - Compare and contrast the electron transport system location and function in a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell.
In each transfer of an electron through the ETS, the electron loses energy, but with some transfers, the energy is stored as potential energy by using it to pump hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane. Lipids and proteins can be broken down into molecules that enter the Krebs cycle or glycolysis at one of several places. Do both aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration use an electron transport chain? Because the ions involved are H+, a pH gradient is also established, with the side of the membrane having the higher concentration of H+ being more acidic.
One possible alternative to aerobic respiration is anaerobic respiration, using an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as a final electron acceptor. Under aerobic conditions (i. e., oxygen is present), the pyruvate and NADH molecules made during glycolysis move from the cytoplasm into the matrix of the mitochondria. Also, 2 molecules of NADH are made. ATP is a source of usable energy for cells and is the key energy molecule for all biological organisms. In aerobic respiration in mitochondria, the passage of electrons from one molecule of NADH generates enough proton motive force to make three ATP molecules by oxidative phosphorylation, whereas the passage of electrons from one molecule of FADH2 generates enough proton motive force to make only two ATP molecules. These carriers can pass electrons along in the ETS because of their redox potential. Compare and contrast the differences between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation. In prokaryotic cells, H+ flows from the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane into the cytoplasm, whereas in eukaryotic mitochondria, H+ flows from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix. The energy of the electrons is harvested to generate an electrochemical gradient across the membrane, which is used to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. There is an uneven distribution of H+ across the membrane that establishes an electrochemical gradient because H+ ions are positively charged (electrical) and there is a higher concentration (chemical) on one side of the membrane. The NADH carries high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain, where they are used to produce ATP. Cellular Respiration Overview. The electron transport system (ETS) is the last component involved in the process of cellular respiration; it comprises a series of membrane-associated protein complexes and associated mobile accessory electron carriers (Figure 8. There are many circumstances under which aerobic respiration is not possible, including any one or more of the following: - The cell lacks genes encoding an appropriate cytochrome oxidase for transferring electrons to oxygen at the end of the electron transport system.
With each rotation, the ATP synthase attaches a phosphate to ADP to produce ATP. Describe the function and location of ATP synthase in a prokaryotic versus eukaryotic cell. Carbons are broken down and released as carbon dioxide while ATP is made and electrons are passed to electron carriers, NADH and FADH2. Electron Transport System. Citric Acid Production Pyruvic acid from glycolysis enters the matrix, the innermost compartment of the mitochondrion. Energy Totals In the presence of oxygen, the complete breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration could produce 38 ATP molecules. The four major classes of electron carriers involved in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic electron transport systems are the cytochromes, flavoproteins, iron-sulfur proteins, and the quinones. Cellular respiration is often expressed as a chemical equation: This equation shows that during cellular respiration, one glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water.
However, anaerobic respirers use altered ETS carriers encoded by their genomes, including distinct complexes for electron transfer to their final electron acceptors. This 22 slide PowerPoint presentation covers 8 questions on the topic of cellular respiration. Two molecules of CO2 are released. This represents about 36 percent of the total energy of glucose. In prokaryotic cells, H+ is pumped to the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane (called the periplasmic space in gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria), and in eukaryotic cells, they are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space. But how does the food you eat get converted into a usable form of energy for your cells? Cellular Respiration: Electron Transport Chain. This electrochemical gradient formed by the accumulation of H+ (also known as a proton) on one side of the membrane compared with the other is referred to as the proton motive force (PMF). For example, the gram-negative opportunist Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the gram-negative cholera-causing Vibrio cholerae use cytochrome c oxidase, which can be detected by the oxidase test, whereas other gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, like E. coli, are negative for this test because they produce different cytochrome oxidase types. In reality, the total ATP yield is usually less, ranging from one to 34 ATP molecules, depending on whether the cell is using aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration; in eukaryotic cells, some energy is expended to transport intermediates from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria, affecting ATP yield. When you are hungry, how do you feel?
For example, the number of hydrogen ions that the electron transport system complexes can pump through the membrane varies between different species of organisms. Simple and easy to use. ATP synthase (like a combination of the intake and generator of a hydroelectric dam) is a complex protein that acts as a tiny generator, turning by the force of the H+ diffusing through the enzyme, down their electrochemical gradient from where there are many mutually repelling H+ to where there are fewer H+. For a protein or chemical to accept electrons, it must have a more positive redox potential than the electron donor.
Cellular respiration begins when electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2—made in glycolysis, the transition reaction, and the Krebs cycle—through a series of chemical reactions to a final inorganic electron acceptor (either oxygen in aerobic respiration or non-oxygen inorganic molecules in anaerobic respiration). However, it usually results in the production of 36 ATP molecules. Overall, the theoretical maximum yield of ATP made during the complete aerobic respiration of glucose is 38 molecules, with four being made by substrate-level phosphorylation and 34 being made by oxidative phosphorylation (Figure 8. Energy Totals The cell can generate ATP from just about any source, even though we've modeled it using only glucose. The electron transport chain (ETC) is the final stage of cellular respiration. Glycolysis Glycolysis - first stage of cellular respiration. 2 The Process of Cellular Respiration. Energy Extraction Energy released by the breaking and rearranging of carbon bonds is captured in the forms of ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
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