The prosocial and interpersonal effects of psychedelics (see Table 2) likely supported the "collective effervescence" (sensu Durkheim, 1995) and the sense of "communitas" (sensu Turner, 1969) during our ancestors' rituals, religious ceremonies, and secular celebrations, thus aiding activities that allowed individuals to reaffirm their common identity and their connectedness within the social order. Humans also possess an exceptional culturally accumulated knowledge about the toxic and intoxicating properties of plants, an ethnobotanical lore closely interwoven with mythology and under the purview of leaders with ritual/medicinal functions and supernatural qualities (Rätsch, 2005; Wink and van Wyk, 2008; Kennedy, 2014; Garfield et al., 2020). Another a priori hypothesis that can be tested against the available cross-cultural evidence (e. g., from sources such as eHRAF) is that psychedelic use is mainly associated with specific functional contexts (i. e., healing, social bonding/socialization, and decision-making rituals). Financial Accounting Midterm Chapter #6 Flashcards. Such effects were likely useful for early humans under circumstances in which immediate decisions had to be made and/or actions taken promptly despite incomplete information. Undermining the ability of dominants to exploit others helped our ancestors replace hierarchical social dominance with a more equitable sociopolitical structure based on knowledge, conflict resolution, generosity, and status leveling mechanisms (Boehm, 1993). Systematic cross-cultural research methods could be used to test this prediction by empirically determining the frequency of psychedelic use as a function of subsistence type and political integration in a worldwide sample of societies that has been randomly selected through established probabilistic sampling procedures. Psychedelic Instrumentalization in the Human Socio-Cognitive Niche.
Our model and the supporting evidence reviewed below suggest that the instrumentalization of psilocybin could have enhanced performance on each of these interrelated competence domains (see left side of Figure 1), potentially increasing the adaptability and fitness of our ancestors. Higher doses are more likely to cause anxiety or fear due to feelings of ego dissolution or lack of control (Johnson and Griffiths, 2017), as well as paranoid and delusional thinking (Carhart-Harris et al., 2016b), but even exceptional overdoses don't lead to enduring harms (Haden and Woods, 2020). An important matter that remains to be properly addressed concerns the question of why psychedelics affect our minds in the way they do. Our model emphasizes effects of incidental ingestion of psilocybin-containing mushrooms as an environmental factor affecting hominin populations across millions of years of evolution. Inventory records for dunbar incorporated revealed the following article. Hence, psychedelic brain states exhibit higher signal complexity (entropy) and higher cognitive flexibility, but lower cause-effect information (Gallimore, 2015). Moreover, psilocybin-containing mushrooms are found on all continents (except Antarctica) and across most ecological zones (Guzmán et al., 1998; Guzmán, 2005; Froese et al., 2016), and thrive on landscapes affected by anthropic activities [e. g., woodland clearings and grazing pastures (Stamets, 1996)], indicating their widespread availability as Homo spread across Africa, into Eurasia, and eventually across the globe (see Antón et al., 2014) 1. Consectetur adipiscing elit.
Guzmán, G., Nixon, S. C., Ramírez-Guillén, F., and Cortés-Pérez, A. Psilocybe s. str. This psychedelic-induced 'primary process thinking' (Kraehenmann et al., 2017) involves an increased excitability of the visual pathway (Kometer et al., 2013; Kometer and Vollenweider, 2016; Timmermann et al., 2019) and engagement of an intrinsic representational system also manifested in phantasy, daydreaming, night-time dreaming, and mystical visions (Horváth et al., 2017; Fox et al., 2018). Psychedelics can afford genuine epistemic benefits even if there is no transcendent reality or all-knowing otherworldly agents (Winkelman, 2013b; Letheby, 2019). Calvey, T. Human self-domestication and the extended evolutionary synthesis of addiction: how humans evolved a unique vulnerability. The evolutionary scenario put forward suggests that dietary incorporation of psilocybin, and its eventual integration into communal practice and proto-religious activity may have helped hominins respond adaptively to the socio-cognitive niche. 1177/2045125316638008. History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences, Vol. Psychedelics' capacity to engender convincing experiences of travel to alternative worlds involving communication with autonomous entities (Winkelman, 2018; Luke, 2020) – apparently allowing a ritual specialist to channel those agents' knowledge – likely made its ingestion a seemingly reliable procedure for obtaining inscrutable information. A niche is the structural, temporal, and social context in which a species exists, defining its mode of adaptation (Fuentes, 2015). Artistic performance (often involving displays that incorporate superhuman abilities) is also implicated in this style of leadership (Singh, 2017). Inventory records for dunbar incorporated revealed the following official. Spitzer, M., Thimm, M., Hermle, L., Holzmann, P., Kovar, K. A., Heimann, H., et al. 12 Free tickets every month. Enjoy live Q&A or pic answer. This article presents evidence for this claim.
Psychedelic Ingestion and Shamanistic Leadership in the Socio-Cognitive Niche. Therefore, in smaller scale societies, psychedelic use is intimately linked with strategizing and decision-making through its central role in diagnostic, forecasting, and interventionist forms of divination. Facilitation of Collective Ritual and Religious Activities. Sci Rep 10:2214. doi: 10. This means that if psychedelics were initially used among hominins and archaic human species to "treat" 5-HT depletion, reliance on this self-medicative behavior may have become less important as our human ancestors' diet progressively included seeds and nuts, as well as larger quantities of meat from large animals and fish. D-Lysergic acid diethylamide has major potential as a cognitive enhancer. Therefore, the evolutionary scenario put forward suggests that integration of psilocybin into ancient diet, communal practice, and proto-religious activity may have enhanced hominin response to the socio-cognitive niche, while also aiding in its creation. Goldberg, S. Inventory records for Dunbar Incorporated revealed - Gauthmath. B., Pace, B., Nicholas, C., Raisone, C., and Hutson, P. (2020a). HYPOTHESIS AND THEORY article. From a homeostatic perspective, increased fitness can potentially result from consumption of psychoactive plants containing compounds that chemically resemble endogenous signaling molecules, especially when internal signaling functions are compromised [e. g., due to deficiencies in dietary precursors in marginal environments (Sullivan and Hagen, 2015)]. Spontaneous and deliberate creative cognition during and after psilocybin exposure.
Students also viewed. Pokorny, T., Preller, K., Kometer, M., Dziobek, I., and Vollenweider, F. Effect of psilocybin on empathy and moral decision-making. Primates solve this problem by developing intense forms of commitment to each other through close physical proximity and the use of touch (e. g., licking and other social grooming behaviors [Dunbar, 2010]). These magico-religious activities were rooted in dancing, singing, and enactment that both induced alterations of consciousness and further served as a means for enhancing peace-making, affiliation, and imagination in community-wide nighttime healing and social effervescence rituals (Dunbar, 2017, 2020; Sterelny, 2018; Winkelman, 2021a). Insight from altered tryptophan levels. Typically, when psychedelics are administered in a supportive, controlled environment (ritual or clinical setting) no severe acute or chronic adverse effects occur, and no overdose deaths have been reported after ingestion of typical doses of LSD, psilocybin, or mescaline (Nichols, 2016). Citation: Rodríguez Arce JM and Winkelman MJ (2021) Psychedelics, Sociality, and Human Evolution. Accounting Practice Set II - Biology Forums Resource Library. Moreover, psilocybin has been found to increase striatal dopamine concentrations in humans, a mechanism partly underlying euphoria and depersonalization phenomena (Vollenweider et al., 1999).
Foragers mainly utilize psychedelics in shamanic rituals (Harner, 1973; Dobkin de Ríos, 1984; Winkelman, 2010, 2013a) indicating a key aspect of psychedelic instrumentalization was incorporation into prosocial contexts involving synchronic activities (e. g., ritual, drumming, dancing, and singing) that were the precursors to shamanism (Winkelman, 2011a, b, 2019b, 2021c). Our ancestors integrated these diverse semiotic elements in their collaborative efforts to interact with, and modify, their local physical and social ecologies, producing alterations in those ecologies that created new potentials for evolutionary dynamics (Fuentes, 2015). Inventory records for dunbar incorporated revealed the following. 1038/s41467-019-12764-8. Psychedelic Sociality: Pharmacological and Extrapharmacological Perspectives. Froese, T., Guzmán, G., and Guzmán-Dávalos, L. On the origin of the genus Psilocybe and its potential ritual use in ancient Africa and Europe. This suggests psilocybin instrumentalization could have favored a dopamine-dominated striatum personality style, which is associated with enhanced sensitivity to social cues that promote social conformity, empathy, and altruism (see Raghanti et al., 2018).
Samorini, G. The oldest archaeological data evidencing the relationship of Homo sapiens with psychoactive plants: a worldwide overview. Forbey, J. S., Harvey, A. L., Huffman, M. A., Provenza, F. D., Sullivan, R., and Tasdemir, D. (2009). 2015), the heightened social value of nonauthoritarian leadership entailed enhanced fitness for such leadership traits as the ability to form and influence coalitions and intelligence. While shamans are known to engage in shamanic rivalries, wars, and duplicity (see e. g., Hugh-Jones, 1996), ethical training is a key element of the shaman's education (Harner, 1980; Dow, 1986; Walsh, 1990; Krippner, 2002). 1177/0022167817709585. Kometer, M., Pokorny, T., Seifritz, E., and Volleinweider, F. Psilocybin-induced spiritual experiences and insightfulness are associated with synchronization of neuronal oscillations. The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s. A topic worthy of further attention concerns psychedelics' role in human brain evolution. The psychedelic instrumentalization model also proposes that psilocybin consumption had niche-constructing effects that imposed a systematic bias toward a socio-cognitive niche across the human evolutionary trajectory (see right side of Figure 1). These lines of evidence indicate mushrooms (including bioactive species) have been a relevant resource since the Pliocene, when hominins intensified exploitation of forest floor foods.
1177/13634615211036388. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. For instance, it has been shown that tryptophan depletion produces significant reductions in the level of cooperation shown by participants in the context of a mixed-motive game, the Prisoner's Dilemma (Wood et al., 2006). Striatal dopamine promotes social living and increases reward emanating from social interactions (Rilling and Sanfey, 2011). Bulbulia, J., Geertz, A. W., Atkinson, Q. D., Cohen, E., Evans, N., Françoiset, P., et al. Carhart-Harris, R. L., Kaelen, M., Bolstridge, M., Williams, T. M., Williams, L. T., Underwood, R., et al. Acute effects of LSD on amygdala activity during processing of fearful stimuli in healthy subjects. Always best price for tickets purchase. Uthaug, M. V., Mason, N. L., Toennes, S. W., Reckweg, J. T., de Sousa Fernandes, Perna, E. B., et al. Moreover, HAR and DMN genes show significant associations with individual variations in DMN functional activity, intelligence, social behavior, and mental conditions such as schizophrenia and autism (Wei et al., 2019). No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
It was built and reshaped by hominins, who consequently modified the evolutionary pressures acting on them, on their descendants, and on unrelated populations sharing the same landscape (Laland and O'Brien, 2011). Concomitantly, the concern for self-reputation as a cooperator would have likely disincentivized free-riding or cheating strategies from psychedelic-using shamans since anyone with a poor reputation would have been avoided in the first place. We hypothesize that the presence of psychedelics in the hominin social environment had significant consequences on the selective regime that drove hominin cognitive and behavioral evolution because it facilitated the construction of the adapted social environments that in turn selected for enhancements in the same underlying human capabilities that sustained the socio-cognitive niche. Tomasello, M., Melis, A. P., Tennie, C., Wyman, E., and Herrmann, E. Two key steps in the evolution of human cooperation: the interdependence hypothesis. 2013) propose that plant neurotoxins currently used as drugs illustrate the necessity of their characterizations in terms of acute drug toxicity because of their fitness costs; however, the situation of psychedelics is dramatically different. Therefore, the answer to this question also resides in the specifics of the human lifeway, which placed a premium on social tolerance and cognitive flexibility (both regulated by 5-HT; Tricklebank and Daly, 2019) making the ingestion of 5-HT-mimicking psychedelics potentially beneficial and adaptive. This alteration of distributed neural processes manifests as increased synaptic plasticity and entropy, as well as reduced integrity of discrete brain networks (e. g., functional disintegration of the default-mode network [DMN]) and reduced segregation between networks (e. g., increased functional connectivity between the DMN and dorsal attention network) (De Gregorio et al., 2018; Preller et al., 2019, 2020; Madsen et al., 2021). Selected societies from all over the world that employ psychedelics acting on the serotonergic system. Dunbar, R. I. M. (2010). Accordingly, humans across the world and through time deployed various techniques to mimic, supplement, or amplify psychedelics' effects, which involve stressing the cognitive system through sleep deprivation, temperature extremes, sensory overload, exhaustion, and emotionally charged, intense experience (Baumard and Boyer, 2013; Winkelman, 2013c). Nam lacinia pulvinar t. Unlock full access to Course Hero. Emotional arousal when watching drama increases pain threshold and social bonding. Hogh-Oleson (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan), 58–71. The presence of mycophagy and self-medication among both primates (Huffman, 1997; Hanson et al., 2003) and Paleolithic humans (Hardy et al., 2013; O'Regan et al., 2016) suggests hominins also incorporated fungi with bioactive properties in their diet.
Kometer, M., Schmidt, A., Jäncke, L., and Vollenweider, F. Activation of serotonin2A receptors underlies the psilocybin-induced effects on α oscillations, N170 visual-evoked potentials, and visual hallucinations. "Unravelling the enigma of human intelligence: evolutionary psychology and the multimodular mind, " in The Evolution of Intelligence, eds R. Sternberg and J. C. Kaufman (New Jersey, NJ: Erlbaum), 145–198. Do not round your intermediate calculations. The various aspects of social cognition and behavior of the cognitive niche are dynamic components that established reinforcing relationships among themselves (e. g., mindreading and culture create, and in turn, are sustained through sociality), embodying an interconnected, adaptive complex that sustains our unique survival mode (Whiten and Erdal, 2012).
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