For a protein or chemical to accept electrons, it must have a more positive redox potential than the electron donor. Citric Acid Production Once pyruvic acid is in the mitochondrial matrix, NAD+ accepts 2 high-energy electrons to form NADH. In each transfer of an electron through the ETS, the electron loses energy, but with some transfers, the energy is stored as potential energy by using it to pump hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane.
The four major classes of electron carriers involved in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic electron transport systems are the cytochromes, flavoproteins, iron-sulfur proteins, and the quinones. Directions: Watch The Citric Acid Cycle: An Overview to see how pyruvate is broken down during the citric acid cycle. At this point, try not to worry about the names of compounds or the details of the processes shown. Biology 2010 Student Edition Chapter 9, Cellular Respiration and Fermentation - 9.2 - The Process of Cellular Respiration - 9.2 Assessment - Page 260 4a | GradeSaver. One molecule of CO2 is also produced.
ATP synthase (like a combination of the intake and generator of a hydroelectric dam) is a complex protein that acts as a tiny generator, turning by the force of the H+ diffusing through the enzyme, down their electrochemical gradient from where there are many mutually repelling H+ to where there are fewer H+. ATP Production H+ ions pass back across the mitochondrial membrane through the ATP synthase, causing the ATP synthase molecule to spin. Can be used with Cornell notes. The Krebs Cycle During the Krebs cycle, the second stage of cellular respiration, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis is broken down into carbon dioxide. The Krebs cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle because citric acid is the first compound formed in this series of reactions. Overall, the theoretical maximum yield of ATP made during the complete aerobic respiration of glucose is 38 molecules, with four being made by substrate-level phosphorylation and 34 being made by oxidative phosphorylation (Figure 8. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key pogil. I also think that even if you don't use fill-in-the. Cellular Respiration: Electron Transport Chain.
The number of ATP molecules generated from the catabolism of glucose varies. Cellular Respiration Overview. Many aerobically respiring bacteria, including E. coli, switch to using nitrate as a final electron acceptor and producing nitrite when oxygen levels have been depleted. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key 2021. Citric Acid Production Acetyl-CoA combines with a 4-carbon molecule to produce citric acid. This flow of hydrogen ions across the membrane, called chemiosmosis, must occur through a channel in the membrane via a membrane-bound enzyme complex called ATP synthase (Figure 8.
Main points include: respiraton, what happens during respiration, mitochondria, the two stages of respiration, the respiration equation, comparing photosynthesis with respiration, fermentation, and the two types of fermentation. For example, the number of hydrogen ions that the electron transport system complexes can pump through the membrane varies between different species of organisms. The remaining 2 carbon atoms react to form acetyl-CoA. For example, the gram-negative opportunist Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the gram-negative cholera-causing Vibrio cholerae use cytochrome c oxidase, which can be detected by the oxidase test, whereas other gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, like E. coli, are negative for this test because they produce different cytochrome oxidase types. Great for middle school or introductory high school courses. These nutrients enter your cells and are converted into adenosine triphosphate ( ATP). Thus, the 10 NADH molecules made per glucose during glycolysis, the transition reaction, and the Krebs cycle carry enough energy to make 30 ATP molecules, whereas the two FADH2 molecules made per glucose during these processes provide enough energy to make four ATP molecules.
However, it usually results in the production of 36 ATP molecules. These notes include Glycolysis, Oxidation of Pyruvate, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Anaerobic Respiration. Compare and contrast the differences between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, for each glucose molecule, 6 CO2 molecules, 2 ATP molecules, 8 NADH molecules, and 2 FADH2 molecules are produced in the Kreb's cycle.. Electron Transport NADH and FADH2 pass their high-energy electrons to electron carrier proteins in the electron transport chain. With each rotation, the ATP synthase attaches a phosphate to ADP to produce ATP. The answer is cellular respiration.
Watch for a general overview. A large amount of ATP is generated during this stage — 32 ATP molecules to be exact! One possible alternative to aerobic respiration is anaerobic respiration, using an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as a final electron acceptor. When you eat, your body digests the food into smaller chemical compounds like sugars (glucose), fats, and proteins. This electron carrier, cytochrome oxidase, differs between bacterial types and can be used to differentiate closely related bacteria for diagnoses. Food serves as your source of energy. These carriers can pass electrons along in the ETS because of their redox potential. Complex carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars like glucose.
Lipids and proteins can be broken down into molecules that enter the Krebs cycle or glycolysis at one of several places. There pyruvate feeds into the next stage of respiration, which is called the citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle). 2 ATP are usually required to bring the pyruvic acid into the matrix. Cellular respiration is often expressed as a chemical equation: This equation shows that during cellular respiration, one glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. ATP is a source of usable energy for cells and is the key energy molecule for all biological organisms. Therefore, electrons move from electron carriers with more negative redox potential to those with more positive redox potential. Under aerobic conditions (i. e., oxygen is present), the pyruvate and NADH molecules made during glycolysis move from the cytoplasm into the matrix of the mitochondria. Beyond the use of the PMF to make ATP, as discussed in this chapter, the PMF can also be used to drive other energetically unfavorable processes, including nutrient transport and flagella rotation for motility.
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