The outermost layer of organs, blood vessels, and other structures in the body (National Library of Medicine, 2021). Persistently cloudy (turbid) urine may indicate an infection. What is incontinence? Beets, berries, or rhubarb), as well as some vitamins and drug therapies may alter the color of one's urine. Chapter 15 urinary system answer key quiz. Queremel Milani, D. A., & Jialal, I. Urinalysis. Located in the pelvic cavity. Specific gravity is a measure of the quantity of solutes per unit volume of a solution and is traditionally easier to measure than osmolarity.
The destruction of a calculus (stone) of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces. The kidneys lie on either side of the spine in the retroperitoneal space between the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall, well protected by muscle, fat, and ribs (Figure 25. A sensitivity test indicates which antibiotics will be effective in treating the infection (Sinawe & Casadesus, 2021; MedlinePlus, 2021). Urinary System of Humans (with Picture) - Different Parts of Human Urinary System. The cortical radiate arteries then branch to form the afferent arterioles. A urinalysis is the physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine.
You also have the option of using your own urine, collected with the sterile cups with lid and handled carefully. A urologist is a medical specialist involved in the diagnosis and treatment of urinary and male genitourinary system conditions, disorders, and diseases (National Cancer Institute, n. To learn more about what urologists do and how to become one, visit the Cleveland Clinic's web page about the specialty. The Urinary Bladder. Chapter 15 urinary system answer key strokes. They also have additional secondary functions that exert control in three areas: blood pressure (via the production of renin), red blood cell production (via the hormone EPO), and calcium absorption (via the conversion of calcidiol to calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D). It promotes the recovery of water, decreases urine volume, and maintains plasma osmolarity and blood pressure. Is the movement of solvent (water) across a membrane that is impermeable to a solute in the solution. 2 image description: The left panel of this figure shows the location of the kidneys in the abdomen.
Urine then flows into the renal papilla. Callouts identify the process as follows: renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, interlobular vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, and renal vein. Antidiuretic hormone, ADH. Chapter 15 urinary system answer key lime. To label, use the T-pins and place tape on them you can write on. These structures take a simple filtrate of the blood and modify it into urine. Filtration occurs when one or more substances pass through a selectively permeable membrane, while others are retained.
Study Guide Answers. There are two main types: peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, n. -e). Hydrostatic (fluid) pressure is sufficient to push water through the membrane despite the osmotic pressure working against it. Using the marker or wax pencil, label each tube with the name or number of each artificial urine sample. Under normal conditions, urine will also contain only trace amounts of glucose (≤ 30 mg per 100 mL of urine). A cystic dilatation of the end of a ureter. The collecting ducts are continuous with each nephron, but not technically part of it. A measure of how acidic or alkaline a substance is, as determined by the number of free hydrogen ions in the substance (Betts et al., 2013). Urinary System Practice Exam. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. The removal of an amino group from a molecule (National Library of Medicine, 2021). Inflammation of the nephrons, renal pelvis, and kidney calices.
Take a picture of the labeled specimen and paste it below. The urinary system has roles you may be well aware of on a daily basis. They are roughly the size of your fist, and the male kidney is typically a bit larger than the female kidney. Ketonuria can be brought on by hypothermia, dietary imbalances (starvation or inadequate carbohydrate intake), diabetes mellitus, or genetically or chemically-induced metabolic disorders. Reabsorption of sodium ions.
Aldosterone – regulation of blood pressure and sodium balance by increasing water reabsorption, filtration of blood in kidneys, reducing the amount of sodium which is lost. This means that only trace amounts of protein should be found in a normal urine, approximately 10 mg / 100 mL (dL) in a random sample. Unusually large quantities of urine may point to diseases like diabetes mellitus or hypothalamic tumors that cause diabetes insipidus. The bladder is partially retroperitoneal (outside the peritoneal cavity) with its peritoneal-covered "dome" projecting into the abdomen when the bladder is distended with urine. Ketone bodies – produced by the disintegration of excess fatty acids in the liver. For smell: urine should have a faint, but characteristic odor. Most reabsorption from the filtrate back into the blood takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule, whose walls are lined with microvilli to increase surface area for absorption. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).
When they are closed, it prevents the urine from escaping. Interlobar Artery||Segmental Artery|. A sheath of fibrous connective tissue, the renal fascia, encloses the kidney and the renal fat. Minor calyx||Ureter|. The descending and ascending portions of the loop of Henle (sometimes referred to as the nephron loop) are, of course, just continuations of the same tubule. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center.
Internal urethral sphincter||Ureteral openings|. Exercise 4 Histology of the kidney. The three processes involved – filtration, selective reabsorption and tubular secretion – are described above and summarised in Figure 13. Which of the following is not in the sequence of proper kidney blood flow? For more information, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases' web page on kidney transplant. 0, the normal pH of urine ranges from 4.
Nephrons: The Functional Unit. Urine is formed through the purification of plasma by glomerular filtration, tubular absorption, and secretion. These microvilli create a large surface area to maximize the reabsorption of some solutes (Na+, Cl–, glucose, etc. ) Use the models and posters to observe the following features of the blood vessels of the kidney and urinary system. Ductus deferens||Testis|. It results from an interplay of involuntary and voluntary actions by the internal and external urethral sphincters. A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating kidney disease. The term "forming urine" will be used hereafter to describe the filtrate as it is modified into true urine.
To learn more, visit Johns Hopkins Medicine's page on computed tomography scan of the kidney. This is good advice; however, it takes time for the kidneys to process body fluids and store it in the bladder. The fine, muscular tube of the urethra connects the bladder to the outside, rendering a route for urine to exit the body. As urine passes through the ureter, it does not passively drain into the bladder but rather is propelled by waves of peristalsis. 7 image description: This figure shows the different pressures acting across the glomerulus including blood hydrostatic pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure, capsular hydrostatic pressure. Additionally, the regulation of blood pressure is a role shared with the heart and blood vessels. In the cortex an arteriole, the afferent arteriole, enters each glomerular capsule and then subdivides into a cluster of tiny arterial capillaries, forming the glomerulus. Though the bladder's strength can significantly diminish with age, voluntary contractions of abdominal skeletal muscles can increase intra-abdominal pressure to promote more forceful bladder emptying. Urine will always have a specific gravity greater than pure water (water = 1. The renal threshold for glucose is about 160 mg/100 mL. Renal cell carcinoma is a cancer occurring in the kidney tubes where urine is produced or collected. Functions of Kidney. 5 image description: The left panel of this figure shows the cross-section of the bladder and the major parts are labeled. Triangular area in the floor of the urinary bladder formed by the openings 4 the urethra and the 2 ureters.
As the kidneys turn the wastes into urine, muscles which line the ureter walls aid in pushing the urine to the bladder to store. In males, the anatomy is similar, minus the uterus, and with the addition of the prostate inferior to the bladder. Thirst mechanisms are also activated to promote the consumption of water lost through respiration, evaporation, or urination. More here: Frequently Asked Questions on Human Urinary System.
Displacement hull - A hull designed to travel through the water, rather than planing over it. Boat problem in Florida). Lists of all maintenance and upgrades.
It can start to feel like the hull is closing in. Brethren of the Coast - The Caribbean buccaneers called themselves by this name around the 1640-1680 time period. Three sheets to the wind: On a three-masted ship, having the sheets of the three lower courses loose will result in the ship meandering aimlessly downwind. "I don't have refrigeration. A hole in a ship's bow for a cable or chain, such as for an anchor, to pass through. Deckhand unable to raise sails. Kite - A light sail, such as a spinnaker, used to make the most of light following winds. While he sailed my boat and I tended to her elsewhere I remember thinking, "I could go to sea with this person. Aground - Resting on or touching the ground or sea bottom, usually involuntarily. Privileged Vessel - A vessel which, according to the applicable Navigation Rule, has right-of-way. "Can we engage the autopilot? "
It's midday now and it's been the night and. Abeam - On the beam, a relative bearing at right angles to the centerline of the ship's keel. It has only been used for 2 seasons. There's a lighthouse.
Knot - A unit of speed: 1 nautical mile (1. Sagging - When the trough of a wave is amidships, causing the hull to deflect so the ends of the keel are higher than the middle. Buccaneer - The Term originally applied to the hunters of wild oxen and pigs on the island of Hispaniola, but later it was used to describe the pirates and pirateers who plundered the shipping and coastal towns in the West Indies and on the coasts of South and Central America in the second half of the seventeenth century. Most modern marine GPS units have an Anchor Watch alarm capability. It had to be 45 knots. No hands on deck. Obviously only used when moored to a fixed dock or pier and only on watches with a flood tide. By the time they reached the Chesapeake it was too late. Concerned with my own safety and basic needs for survival at sea. Clean Slate - At the helm, the watch keeper would record details of speed, distances, headings, etc. Rattle Down - The operation of securing the ratlines to the shrouds. It became explosive.
The list of men unable to report for duty was given to the officer or mate of the watch by the ship's surgeon. On my next off watch I wake up to the loud crash of a wave beam-on and the captain scrambling up from his bunk to look at the AIS. Landfall - Arrival at land. A bent frame is called a timber. Furl - To roll or gather a sail against its mast or spar. Movements are deliberate, never rush. Fees because this was a mutiny. Ballast: weight in the lower portion of a boat, used to add stability (In a multihull – useless crew on other boats. Deckhand unable to raise the sails. Round - A verb with a variety of meanings. Bad enough to where you. The kedge anchor may be droped while in motion to create a pivot and thus perform a sharp turn. You do have to be more careful as a woman in the very male dominated sailing world. Bow: forward end of a boat.
Brushing some paint thinner onto a Sun Fish he had just acquired he smugly shrugged and said, "We don't know what to do with her, she does this all the time. Offshore Wind - Wind blowing from off the shore. Waypoint - A location defined by navigational coordinates, especially as part of a planned route. Spinnaker Pole - A spar used to help control a spinnaker or other headsail. We're traveling south from the northern terminus of the Atlantic Arc to Tenerife one of the Canary Islands. Also called shipping agent or just agent. Fluke - The wedge-shaped part of an anchor's arms that digs into the bottom, holding the boat in place. She's trying to tell me something.
Ship heeling and walking up on her anchor and going beam to the wind every few. I wanted it to be "on the record. " Bulwarks: rail around the deck. I placed a squid in the bucket. Now, means "to search a ship carefully and thoroughly". "Not enough room to swing a cat" also derives from this. This was done as a warning to others who would think of taking up a career in piracy. You can hear and feel it. Maybe that's why he's talking to me at 1 a. m. The funny thing about being alone is I only notice it when someone else comes along and points it out. Seaman cooks, often members of the mess, prepared the meals and took them, in a tin canteen, to the galley to be cooked by the ship's cooks. Got another boat and headed south again. I wish I'd taken pictures. He was helping as crew on an Alberg 30 headed south at the same time as me from a different lake.
In exchange I was paid what I thought was a fair wage, and he paid for lunch. Vernon's nickname was Old Grogram, and the beverage was given the name grog in their disdain for Vernon. Going forward in these conditions because of that. The process repeated to varying degrees as the ship rocking-horsed and cork-screwed over the sea. We are averaging between 2-3 knots. We just kept missing each other. I would have never gotten into that position. Boom - A spar attached to the foot of a fore-and-aft sail.