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Energy Extraction Citric acid is broken down into a 5-carbon compound and then a 4-carbon compound. The Advantages of Glycolysis Glycolysis produces ATP very fast, which is an advantage when the energy demands of the cell suddenly increase. Also, 2 molecules of NADH are made. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key strokes. Cellular Respiration Overview. Denitrifiers are important soil bacteria that use nitrate and nitrite as final electron acceptors, producing nitrogen gas (N2). These notes include Glycolysis, Oxidation of Pyruvate, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Anaerobic Respiration. Smaller electrochemical gradients are generated from these electron transfer systems, so less ATP is formed through anaerobic respiration.
The NADH carries high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain, where they are used to produce ATP. The Krebs Cycle During the Krebs cycle, the second stage of cellular respiration, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis is broken down into carbon dioxide. Energy Extraction Energy released by the breaking and rearranging of carbon bonds is captured in the forms of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. When you eat, your body digests the food into smaller chemical compounds like sugars (glucose), fats, and proteins. The remaining 64 percent is released as heat. Cellular respiration begins when electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2—made in glycolysis, the transition reaction, and the Krebs cycle—through a series of chemical reactions to a final inorganic electron acceptor (either oxygen in aerobic respiration or non-oxygen inorganic molecules in anaerobic respiration). Energy Extraction Each molecule of glucose results in 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, which enter the Krebs cycle. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key 2018. Compare and contrast the differences between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation.
Beyond the use of the PMF to make ATP, as discussed in this chapter, the PMF can also be used to drive other energetically unfavorable processes, including nutrient transport and flagella rotation for motility. I made these as a resource for my students to use while studying and do not use them as guided notes during my instruction, however, I did include a fill-in-the-blanks version for any teacher who'd prefer that style. This 22 slide PowerPoint presentation covers 8 questions on the topic of cellular respiration. Biology 2010 Student Edition Chapter 9, Cellular Respiration and Fermentation - 9.2 - The Process of Cellular Respiration - 9.2 Assessment - Page 260 4a | GradeSaver. Carbons are broken down and released as carbon dioxide while ATP is made and electrons are passed to electron carriers, NADH and FADH2.
Main points include: respiraton, what happens during respiration, mitochondria, the two stages of respiration, the respiration equation, comparing photosynthesis with respiration, fermentation, and the two types of fermentation. This flow of hydrogen ions across the membrane, called chemiosmosis, must occur through a channel in the membrane via a membrane-bound enzyme complex called ATP synthase (Figure 8. In reality, the total ATP yield is usually less, ranging from one to 34 ATP molecules, depending on whether the cell is using aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration; in eukaryotic cells, some energy is expended to transport intermediates from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria, affecting ATP yield. Overall, 2 molecules of ATP are produced. Equation for Cellular Respiration. Can be used with Cornell notes. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key answers. Under aerobic conditions (i. e., oxygen is present), the pyruvate and NADH molecules made during glycolysis move from the cytoplasm into the matrix of the mitochondria. One molecule of CO2 is also produced.
The potential energy of this electrochemical gradient generated by the ETS causes the H+ to diffuse across a membrane (the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells and the inner membrane in mitochondria in eukaryotic cells). Describe the function and location of ATP synthase in a prokaryotic versus eukaryotic cell. Simple and easy to use. Weakness is your body's way of telling you that your energy supplies are low. Directions: Watch Cellular Processes: Electron Transport Chain and Cellular Processes: ATP Synthase to learn how electrons are passed through proteins in the electron transport chain and ATP is produced. Energy Totals The cell can generate ATP from just about any source, even though we've modeled it using only glucose. Pages 12 to 22 are not shown in this preview. Complex carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars like glucose. This electrochemical gradient formed by the accumulation of H+ (also known as a proton) on one side of the membrane compared with the other is referred to as the proton motive force (PMF). Reward Your Curiosity. With each rotation, the ATP synthase attaches a phosphate to ADP to produce ATP. The remaining 2 carbon atoms react to form acetyl-CoA. Lipids and proteins can be broken down into molecules that enter the Krebs cycle or glycolysis at one of several places. Along the way, ATP (energy for cells) is produced.
Cellular Respiration: The Citric Acid Cycle (or Krebs Cycle). These carriers can pass electrons along in the ETS because of their redox potential. ATP synthase (like a combination of the intake and generator of a hydroelectric dam) is a complex protein that acts as a tiny generator, turning by the force of the H+ diffusing through the enzyme, down their electrochemical gradient from where there are many mutually repelling H+ to where there are fewer H+. In prokaryotic cells, H+ is pumped to the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane (called the periplasmic space in gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria), and in eukaryotic cells, they are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space. The electron transport system (ETS) is the last component involved in the process of cellular respiration; it comprises a series of membrane-associated protein complexes and associated mobile accessory electron carriers (Figure 8. Chemiosmosis, Proton Motive Force, and Oxidative Phosphorylation. However, it usually results in the production of 36 ATP molecules.
What are the functions of the proton motive force? Cellular respiration is often expressed as a chemical equation: This equation shows that during cellular respiration, one glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. There is an uneven distribution of H+ across the membrane that establishes an electrochemical gradient because H+ ions are positively charged (electrical) and there is a higher concentration (chemical) on one side of the membrane. The answer is cellular respiration. These ATP molecules come from glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. There are many circumstances under which aerobic respiration is not possible, including any one or more of the following: - The cell lacks genes encoding an appropriate cytochrome oxidase for transferring electrons to oxygen at the end of the electron transport system. ATP is a source of usable energy for cells and is the key energy molecule for all biological organisms. For a protein or chemical to accept electrons, it must have a more positive redox potential than the electron donor. At this point, try not to worry about the names of compounds or the details of the processes shown.
The Krebs cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle because citric acid is the first compound formed in this series of reactions. Learning Objectives. Cellular Respiration Summary. ATP Production H+ ions pass back across the mitochondrial membrane through the ATP synthase, causing the ATP synthase molecule to spin. Explain the relationship between chemiosmosis and proton motive force. In prokaryotic cells, H+ flows from the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane into the cytoplasm, whereas in eukaryotic mitochondria, H+ flows from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix. Microbes using anaerobic respiration commonly have an intact Krebs cycle, so these organisms can access the energy of the NADH and FADH2 molecules formed. Electron Transport System. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Therefore, for each glucose molecule, 6 CO2 molecules, 2 ATP molecules, 8 NADH molecules, and 2 FADH2 molecules are produced in the Kreb's cycle.. Electron Transport NADH and FADH2 pass their high-energy electrons to electron carrier proteins in the electron transport chain.
Because the ions involved are H+, a pH gradient is also established, with the side of the membrane having the higher concentration of H+ being more acidic. So each molecule of glucose results in two complete "turns" of the Krebs cycle. Directions: Watch Glycolysis: An Overview to see how glucose is broken down during the process of glycolysis. 2 ATP are usually required to bring the pyruvic acid into the matrix. Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Many aerobically respiring bacteria, including E. coli, switch to using nitrate as a final electron acceptor and producing nitrite when oxygen levels have been depleted. 16 summarizes the theoretical maximum yields of ATP from various processes during the complete aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule. You're Reading a Free Preview. Energy Totals In the presence of oxygen, the complete breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration could produce 38 ATP molecules.