North-south ocean currents help to redistribute equatorial heat into the temperate zones, supplementing the heat transfer by winds. Light switches abruptly change mode when nudged hard enough. There is another part of the world with the same good soil, within the same latitudinal band, which we can use for a quick comparison. Yet another precursor, as Henry Stommel suggested in 1961, would be the addition of fresh water to the ocean surface, diluting the salt-heavy surface waters before they became unstable enough to start sinking. But to address how all these nonlinear mechanisms fit together—and what we might do to stabilize the climate—will require some speculation. A brief, large flood of fresh water might nudge us toward an abrupt cooling even if the dilution were insignificant when averaged over time. The most recent big cooling started about 12, 700 years ago, right in the midst of our last global warming. When the warm currents penetrate farther than usual into the northern seas, they help to melt the sea ice that is reflecting a lot of sunlight back into space, and so the earth becomes warmer. Another underwater ridge line stretches from Greenland to Iceland and on to the Faeroe Islands and Scotland. What is 3 sheets to the wind. But we can't assume that anything like this will counteract our longer-term flurry of carbon-dioxide emissions. Only the most naive gamblers bet against physics, and only the most irresponsible bet with their grandchildren's resources. More rain falling in the northern oceans—exactly what is predicted as a result of global warming—could stop salt flushing. 5 million years ago, which is also when the ape-sized hominid brain began to develop into a fully human one, four times as large and reorganized for language, music, and chains of inference.
It has been called the Nordic Seas heat pump. I call the colder one the "low state. " In discussing the ice ages there is a tendency to think of warm as good—and therefore of warming as better. Twenty thousand years ago a similar ice sheet lay atop the Baltic Sea and the land surrounding it. Meaning of three sheets to the wind. The Great Salinity Anomaly, a pool of semi-salty water derived from about 500 times as much unsalted water as that released by Russell Lake, was tracked from 1968 to 1982 as it moved south from Greenland's east coast. Indeed, we've had an unprecedented period of climate stability.
Of particular importance are combinations of climate variations—this winter, for example, we are experiencing both an El Niño and a North Atlantic Oscillation—because such combinations can add up to much more than the sum of their parts. A muddle-through scenario assumes that we would mobilize our scientific and technological resources well in advance of any abrupt cooling problem, but that the solution wouldn't be simple. The sheet in 3 sheets to the wind crosswords. Increasing amounts of sea ice and clouds could reflect more sunlight back into space, but the geochemist Wallace Broecker suggests that a major greenhouse gas is disturbed by the failure of the salt conveyor, and that this affects the amount of heat retained. Change arising from some sources, such as volcanic eruptions, can be abrupt—but the climate doesn't flip back just as quickly centuries later. Perhaps computer simulations will tell us that the only robust solutions are those that re-create the ocean currents of three million years ago, before the Isthmus of Panama closed off the express route for excess-salt disposal. Whole sections of a glacier, lifted up by the tides, may snap off at the "hinge" and become icebergs. The Mediterranean waters flowing out of the bottom of the Strait of Gibraltar into the Atlantic Ocean are about 10 percent saltier than the ocean's average, and so they sink into the depths of the Atlantic.
Surface waters are flushed regularly, even in lakes. Thermostats tend to activate heating or cooling mechanisms abruptly—also an example of a system that pushes back. To keep a bistable system firmly in one state or the other, it should be kept away from the transition threshold. The last abrupt cooling, the Younger Dryas, drastically altered Europe's climate as far east as Ukraine.
An abrupt cooling got started 8, 200 years ago, but it aborted within a century, and the temperature changes since then have been gradual in comparison. Flying above the clouds often presents an interesting picture when there are mountains below. To see how ocean circulation might affect greenhouse gases, we must try to account quantitatively for important nonlinearities, ones in which little nudges provoke great responses. A nice little Amazon-sized waterfall flows over the ridge that connects Spain with Morocco, 800 feet below the surface of the strait. Ancient lakes near the Pacific coast of the United States, it turned out, show a shift to cold-weather plant species at roughly the time when the Younger Dryas was changing German pine forests into scrublands like those of modern Siberia. By 1971-1972 the semi-salty blob was off Newfoundland. We need more well-trained people, bigger computers, more coring of the ocean floor and silted-up lakes, more ships to drag instrument packages through the depths, more instrumented buoys to study critical sites in detail, more satellites measuring regional variations in the sea surface, and perhaps some small-scale trial runs of interventions. That, in turn, makes the air drier.
The effects of an abrupt cold last for centuries. Oceans are not well mixed at any time. If blocked by ice dams, fjords make perfect reservoirs for meltwater. A gentle pull on a trigger may be ineffective, but there comes a pressure that will suddenly fire the gun. Its effects are clearly global too, inasmuch as it is part of a long "salt conveyor" current that extends through the southern oceans into the Pacific. Sudden onset, sudden recovery—this is why I use the word "flip-flop" to describe these climate changes. So could ice carried south out of the Arctic Ocean. That's how our warm period might end too. In 1984, when I first heard about the startling news from the ice cores, the implications were unclear—there seemed to be other ways of interpreting the data from Greenland.
These carry the North Atlantic's excess salt southward from the bottom of the Atlantic, around the tip of Africa, through the Indian Ocean, and up around the Pacific Ocean. Salt circulates, because evaporation up north causes it to sink and be carried south by deep currents. Europe's climate, obviously, is not like that of North America or Asia at the same latitudes. A quick fix, such as bombing an ice dam, might then be possible. By 125, 000 years ago Homo sapienshad evolved from our ancestor species—so the whiplash climate changes of the last ice age affected people much like us. Pollen cores are still a primary means of seeing what regional climates were doing, even though they suffer from poorer resolution than ice cores (worms churn the sediment, obscuring records of all but the longest-lasting temperature changes). They were formerly thought to be very gradual, with both air temperature and ice sheets changing in a slow, 100, 000-year cycle tied to changes in the earth's orbit around the sun. Natural disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes are less troubling than abrupt coolings for two reasons: they're short (the recovery period starts the next day) and they're local or regional (unaffected citizens can help the overwhelmed).
In Greenland a given year's snowfall is compacted into ice during the ensuing years, trapping air bubbles, and so paleoclimate researchers have been able to glimpse ancient climates in some detail. To the long list of predicted consequences of global warming—stronger storms, methane release, habitat changes, ice-sheet melting, rising seas, stronger El Niños, killer heat waves—we must now add an abrupt, catastrophic cooling. It was initially hoped that the abrupt warmings and coolings were just an oddity of Greenland's weather—but they have now been detected on a worldwide scale, and at about the same time. Oslo is nearly at 60°N, as are Stockholm, Helsinki, and St. Petersburg; continue due east and you'll encounter Anchorage. Even the tropics cool down by about nine degrees during an abrupt cooling, and it is hard to imagine what in the past could have disturbed the whole earth's climate on this scale. Twice a year they sink, carrying their load of atmospheric gases downward. The discovery of abrupt climate changes has been spread out over the past fifteen years, and is well known to readers of major scientific journals such as Scienceand abruptness data are convincing. Then, about 11, 400 years ago, things suddenly warmed up again, and the earliest agricultural villages were established in the Middle East.
But sometimes a glacial surge will act like an avalanche that blocks a road, as happened when Alaska's Hubbard glacier surged into the Russell fjord in May of 1986. The job is done by warm water flowing north from the tropics, as the eastbound Gulf Stream merges into the North Atlantic Current. The dam, known as the Isthmus of Panama, may have been what caused the ice ages to begin a short time later, simply because of the forced detour. But the ice ages aren't what they used to be. The population-crash scenario is surely the most appalling.
A slightly exaggerated version of our present know-something-do-nothing state of affairs is know-nothing-do-nothing: a reduction in science as usual, further limiting our chances of discovering a way out. Thus we might dig a wide sea-level Panama Canal in stages, carefully managing the changeover. We are in a warm period now. It's happening right now:a North Atlantic Oscillation started in 1996. Eventually that helps to melt ice sheets elsewhere.
Apart from the high-cost of this lubricant, you won't be able to find a con. The official Harley Davidson brake fluid has a 325°F limit. It would help if you used a quarter-inch ball and an Allen wrench to remove the plug on the right side. Recommended Cheapest Engine Oil. It has a viscosity of 25w-40 which is suitable for Harley models. Frequently Asked Questions. There are mainly two parts of an engine oil where the major portion is the base stock, and another minor part is the additives. Get more information from this post. Harley davidson synthetic primary oil. The primary is sealed from the trans short of the shift lever and input shaft. You can use Lucas Oil for the primary, the transmission, and the engine.
Can you believe this guy? When pumped, it moves from the crankcase to the transmission and then to the clutch, where it lubricates and cools the engine components. However, check your owner's manual and don't do guesswork. It is essential to decide the weight viscosity of the primary oil because it affects the overall lubrication of the engine. Doesn't mean the primary lube gets to the trans. Gmiller, why does the engine take 3. Gear lubes do contain heavy doses of "extreme pressure" additives which many believe prevent transmission wear and provide quieter operation. It definitely 100% HAS a wet clutch. I would be interested to know also. What Are The Harley Davidson Oil Change Instructions For Twin Cam? Harley Davidson Oil and Wear Test Comparisons. However, over time, the primary oil breaks down and becomes less effective. Likewise, AMSOIL Synthetic V-Twin Primary Fluid is designed only to protect primary chaincase components.
Bel-Ray, Spectro, RevTech and others, all make lubs. Obviously, a lot of questions point to the correct engine oil type. The XL 5-speed is just noisy. Does that clear it up fellas? All automotive lubricants adhere to the very same SAE viscosity ratings..... and 20W50 oil is much more viscous (thinner) than 80/90 gear oil...... Ww. Cancelled the dyno thing, ordered the FP3, and installed it today.
What Castrol is offering is not very budget-friendly but slightly less costly than the other products. After all, endorsements and word of mouth are always beneficial to the manufacturer in the long run. D. 4th January 2009, 15:59. my apologies some investigation I discover that I was wrong..... Harley Full Synthetic vs Regular Conventional Oil. You might want to check again. Mobil has all the features, and performance ratings to get one's top recommendation except the wear-scar test results. Harley davidson primary oil substitute oil. Technically, you could. Then see what happens. Possibly more anti-corrosion additives because they realize a lot of bikes sit for long periods of time.
For Sportster 883cc and 1200cc motorcycles, the AMSOIL Synthetic 20W-50 Motorcycle Oil is recommended for both the engine and transmission. But Mobil 1 has got a better synthetic blend that makes it slightly better performing than Motul 7100. The big difference is the viscosity: Formula+ is a 50 wt while a typical ATF is a 20 wt. Most jap bike do have wet clutches.