Reduce the radius of the pulley. Note that the IMAs of the individual simple machines in a complex machine usually multiply because the output force of one machine becomes the input force of the other machine. In real life, some of the applied work always ends up as wasted heat due to friction between moving parts. There are six simple machines: lever, inclined plane, wedge, pulley, wheel and axle, and screw. Not only does this simple machines worksheet work well as an instant pick-me-up for the thriving scientists in 3rd grade and 4th grade, it charmingly illustrates the characteristics of each simple machine type. To raise a load 1 meter with a pulley system you have to pull N meters of rope. Increase the number of ropes supporting the load. The student knows that changes occur within a physical system and applies the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. Most students should skip to the final two or three minutes which explain the basics of calculating IMA of a lever from different ratios. Be sure students do not equate machines and motors by asking for (and, if necessary, providing) examples of machines that are not motorized. The reason why this cut and glue pdf for grade 4 and grade 5 is a sure scene-stealer is it defines each simple machine as simply as could be. Work and machines worksheet pdf 2020. Wo and Wi can always be calculated as a force multiplied by a distance, although these quantities are not always as obvious as they are in the case of a lever.
BL] [OL] Ask the students what they know about machines and work. Simple machines are the building blocks for creating more complex machines. The last part shows how to calculate the IMA of an inclined plane. Devices like the one shown in Figure 9. BL] [OL] The calculation for IMA of a pulley seems too easy to be true, but it is. Efficiency in real machines will always be less than 100 percent because of work that is converted to unavailable heat by friction and air resistance. The learning objectives in this section will help your students master the following standards: - (6) Science concepts. NGSS: 3-5-ETS1-1, 3-5-ETS1-2, 3-5-ETS1-3, 3-PS2-1, 3-PS2-2. 1 m. What is the efficiency of the machine? Work and machines worksheet pdf solutions. Lever||mechanical advantage||output work||pulley||screw|. The screw shown in Figure 9.
As you get rolling with our simple machines worksheets pdf, watch the little engineers frantically sort mechanical devices into one of the six types of simple machines, label machines as simple or complex, and match pictures of simple machines to the names of their type. Both the input work (Wi) and output work (Wo) are the result of a force, F, acting over a distance, d. The efficiency output of a machine is simply the output work divided by the input work, and is usually multiplied by 100 so that it is expressed as a percent. While we push staples through pieces of paper in order to fasten them together nearly every day, little do we realize we are making a simple machine, a lever to be specific, work hard. Show them that it looks more like a lever if the wheel is replaced by a crank. The down side is that you must exert the force over a greater distance, because the product of force and distance, f d, (which equals work) does not change. An answer key is included for each worksheet. 8(b) shows the how a lever works mathematically. Check Your Understanding. Work and machines worksheet pdf ncert. The heavier child sits farther from the fulcrum.
This is the underlying principle of all simple machines. A complex machine is a combination of two or more simple machines. Refer back to the discussions of each simple machine for the specific equations for the IMA for each type of machine. The input and output distances are easier to see for the lever, inclined plane and wedge. Ask them why steering wheels had a greater diameter before power steering was invented. The wire cutters in Figure 9. As shown in the figure, the ideal mechanical advantage is calculated by dividing the radius of the wheel by the radius of the axle. Complex machine||efficiency output||ideal mechanical advantage||inclined plane||input work|. 10 are used to lift cars and even houses. This printable simple machines worksheet, where the task is for the grade 3 children to match each simple machine to an example by drawing a line, will get the quiet machine enthusiasts splendidly eloquent. 4 m, which lifts a 40 N weight resting on the resistance arm a distance of 0.
The effort force, applied at Fe, lifts the load (the resistance force) which is pushing down at F r. The triangular pivot is called the fulcrum; the part of the lever between the fulcrum and F e is the effort arm, Le; and the part to the left is the resistance arm, Lr. The circular handle of a faucet is attached to a rod that opens and closes a valve when the handle is turned. Dispel any misconceptions that machines reduce the amount of work. Mechanical Advantage of Inclined Planes and Pulleys. BL] [OL] Be sure students understand that a complex machine is just a combination of simple machines and is still fairly simple. The equations show how a simple machine can output the same amount of work while reducing the amount of effort force by increasing the distance over which the effort force is applied.
How could you use a pulley system to lift a light load to great height? For instance, a bicycle is created using wheels, levers, and pulleys. When you go down a slide at a park, the simple machine whose industry you owe a debt of gratitude to is an inclined plane. Bicycles include wheel and axles, levers, screws, and pulleys. A wedge is simply two inclined planes back to back. Although it cannot change the amount of work you do, a simple machine can change the amount of force you must apply to an object, and the distance over which you apply the force. Interested students may want to work their way through it. Efficiency is related to friction, and friction depends on the smoothness of surfaces and on the area of the surfaces in contact. Recall that in closed systems the total amount of energy is conserved. Efficiency of a Lever. Sort the machines into one of the 6 types. Ask students to try to understand why IMA is simply N. Tell them that watching the video should make this point clear. 4 ropes are required because the actual mechanical advantage is 3.
In this section you will apply what you have learned about work to find the mechanical advantage and efficiency of simple machines. Pulleys can still be seen in use, most commonly on large building cranes. The mechanical advantage is a number that tells us how many times a simple machine multiplies the effort force. 10 shows the simple formulas for calculating the IMAs of these machines. Explain how heat lost because of friction assures that Wo will always be less than Wi preventing efficiency from ever reaching 100%. Explain that simple machines are often hand-held, and that they reduce force, not work. If the rod has a diameter of 1 cm and the IMA of the machine is 6, what is the radius of the handle? Because the amount of work is not changed, the term f d does not change, but force can decrease if distance increases. The difference is that the effort arm can rotate in a complete circle around the fulcrum, which is the center of the axle. Both children sit at equal distance from the fulcrum. The input force of 11 N acting on the effort arm of a lever moves 0. 9 is called a wheel and axle. For a wheel and axle, the input distance is the circumference of the wheel, and the output distance is the circumference of the axle. An inclined plane and a wedge are two forms of the same simple machine.
Both work values are the product Fd. Review what was learned about the IMA of inclined planes and pulley systems before watching the video. Examples of this type of lever are baseball bats, hammers, and golf clubs. Ask for an explanation of the 2 in the equation for IMA. This way bales of hay could be lifted into the hay loft without getting wet. Have the students compare this screw to a wood screw and a circular stairway. 11 is actually a lever attached to a circular inclined plane. BL] [OL] Talk about how inclined planes and wedges are similar and different. AL] Ask for recall of the formula W = f d. Explain that the product of force and distance is critical to understanding simple machines. The axle on a vehicle does not do work on a load. The first part of this video shows how to calculate the IMA of pulley systems. If students are struggling with a specific objective, the Check Your Understanding will help identify which one and direct students to the relevant content. Force applied to the outside of the wheel causes a greater force to be applied to the rope that is wrapped around the axle. In most cases, a simple machine is used to reduce the amount of force you must exert to do work.
Since both have different weights, they will never be in balance. A simple machine is a mechanical device used to apply increased force. Use the Check Your Understanding questions to assess students' achievement of the section's learning objectives. Combining this with the information in the paragraphs above, we can write.
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