Identification by a chromatographic retention time from a single procedure is not regarded as specific. Suspensions are generally not injected intravenously, epidurally, or intrathecally unless the product labeling clearly specifies these routes of administration. The route is named transdermal when, for example, systemic absorption of the drug substance may take place through the dermis without specifying the region of the body to which the system is applied. Common therapeutic classes formulated as granule dosage forms include antibiotics, certain laxatives (such as senna extract products), electrolytes, and various cough and cold remedies that contain multiple drug substances. Examples include water, syrups, elixirs, oleaginous liquids, solid and semisolid carriers, and proprietary products (see Excipient). Which dosage form is a semisolid oil-in-water emulsion oil. Adhesive semisolid spread on a backing, prolonged contact to API after skin application, protective qualities |.
Although cocoa butter melts quickly at body temperature, it is immiscible with body fluids and this inhibits the diffusion of fat-soluble drug substances to the affected sites. Pellet formulations are sometimes used to minimize variability associated with gastric retention of larger dosage forms. Typically the impregnated drug substance is present in the dry state. The medicated foam is formed at the time of application. Which dosage form is a semisolid oil-in-water emulsion system. An implant can have a tab with a hole in it to facilitate suturing it in place (e. g., for an intravitreal implant for local ocular delivery). Common types of topical. Ingredient ratio for primary acacia emulsions.
Transdermal drugs are absorbed into the bloodstream, avoiding first-pass metabolism for more consistency and predictability. All other things being equal, the phase that is present in the greater concentration tends to be the external phase, but an emulsifying agent that strongly favors a particular emulsion type and that forms a good barrier at the interface can overcome an unfavorable phase ratio. Vehicle for drug delivery. Dissolution: A test to measure the release of the drug substance(s) from the drug product normally is included for dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, suspensions, granules for suspensions, implants, transdermal delivery systems, and medicated chewing gums. Which dosage form is a semisolid oil-in-water emulsion blender. First-pass metabolism can vary from one patient to the next, causing a great deal of variability in the effectiveness of a drug. Antimicrobial preservative content: Acceptance criteria for preservative content in multidose products should be established. In addition to the universal tests listed, the following tests may be considered on a case-by-case basis. Liposomes: Attribute for preparations of amphiphilic lipids that have low water solubility (see 1). Normally the density of an oil is lower than that of water, in which case the oil droplets and droplet aggregates rise, a process referred to as creaming.
Although topical and transdermal medications have many benefits for patients and practitioners, their development, manufacture, and packaging present many challenges. Effervescent tablets: Prepared by compaction and contain, in addition to the drug substance(s), mixtures of acids (e. g., citric acid or tartaric acid) and carbonates, and/or sodium bicarbonate. Other tests: Depending on the type and composition of the dosage form, other tests such as alcohol content, redispersibility, particle size distribution, rheological properties, reconstitution time, endotoxins/pyrogens, particulate matter, functionality testing of delivery systems, delivered dose uniformity, viscosity, and osmolarity may be necessary. The manufacture of pellets by compression is largely restricted to the production of material for subcutaneous implantation. Ointments: (See Ointments. Milling, spray drying, supercritical fluid, high-pressure homogenization, precipitation technologies, and porous microparticle fabrication techniques may be used to reduce the particle size of powders. This method is illustrated on Color Plate 8, and the procedure is demonstrated on the CD that accompanies this book. Cream: A semi-solid emulsion dosage form often containing more than 20% water and volatiles, and/or containing less than 50% hydrocarbons, waxes, or polyols as the vehicle for the drug substance. For general considerations, see 795. As the name implies, the emulsifier is formed as these emulsions are made. Strip (only used for diagnostic products, otherwise not preferred; see Film): A dosage form or device in the shape of a long, narrow, thin, absorbent, solid material such as filter paper. Plasters consist of an adhesive layer that may contain active substances. This term is not used in drug product names. Absorption bases are also useful as emollients.
Then, if more internal phase is added, either it will fail to be emulsified and will remain as separate droplets or the emulsion will coalesce; or, if the emulsifier will allow it, phase inversion will occur. Ability to reduce systemic metabolism. B. Nascent soap emulsions: The term nascent means beginning to exist or to develop. Any semisolid character with water-in-oil emulsions generally is attributable to a semisolid external phase.
Films are thin sheets that are placed in the oral cavity. As with Buccal tablets, few drug substances are extensively absorbed in this way, and much of the drug substance is swallowed and is available for gastrointestinal absorption. Molded lozenges using a sucrose or sorbitol base containing drug substances such as phenol, dextromethorphan, fentanyl, and dyclonine hydrochloride and menthol are prepared by cooking the sugar (sucrose, corn syrup, and sorbitol) and water at about 150 to reduce the water content to less than 2%. Typically, pellets are nearly spherical but this is not required. Medicated plaster is typically made with a combination of plaster, water, and an active ingredient. Dis: will dissolve if too much water is added |. Many factors can contribute to small droplets. These specialized tablet presentations can delay or extend the release of the drug substance(s) or physically separate incompatible drug substances. Unlike transdermal systems, tapes are not designed to control the release rate of the drug substance. In veterinary medicine, drug substance(s) in pellets may be implanted subcutaneously in the animal's ear (cattle). For instance, exposure to excessive temperature, humidity, and light can influence the ability of the packaging to protect the product. Alternatively, specific instructions for resuspending the formulation may be provided to minimize air incorporation and ensure accurate dosing. Spot on (pour on): A method of delivering liquid veterinary drug products by administering them onto the animal's skin, usually between the shoulder blades (spot on) or down the back (pour on). The pill pipe is cut into individual lengths corresponding to the intended pill size, and the pills are rolled to form the final shape.
Pastes are semisolid preparations of stiff consistency and contain a high percentage (20%50%) of finely dispersed solids. Types of aerosol dosage forms. Heating during the preparation of the semisolid (highest mp first). Soluble ingredients that are in solid form may be dissolved first in water or another appropriate solvent before being added to the emulsion. Modified-release tablets: There are two categories of modified-release tablet formulations recognized by USP: Delayed-release tablets Tablets are sometimes formulated with acid-resistant or enteric (also called gastro-resistant) coatings to protect acid-labile drug sustances from the gastric environment or to prevent adverse events such as irritation.
Aerosol: A dosage form consisting of a liquid or solid preparation packaged under pressure and intended for administration as a fine mist. The paste used to produce lozenges manufactured by stamping or cutting contains a moistening agent, sucrose, and flavoring and sweetening agents. Injectable emulsions: Injectable emulsions are sterile liquid dosage forms of drug substances dissolved or dispersed in a suitable emulsion medium. Stent, drug-eluting: A specialized form of implant used for extended local delivery of the drug substance to the immediate location of stent placement. Emollient (soothing of the skin) or protective properties are often desired of topical preparations, and oils can serve these functions.
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