As ions flow down their gradient and into the stroma, they pass through ATP synthase, driving ATP production in a process known as chemiosmosis. Rhythm: repetitive rhythmic patterns in compound time called rhythmic modes. The positively charged P680 can pull electrons off of water (which doesn't give them up easily) because it's extremely "electron-hungry.
Styles from the original A material. Development) and return in the final section (recapitulation) in the tonic key. Photophosphorylation = light-driven synthesis of ATP. Releated to timbre: classifications of instruments. We'll trace how light energy is absorbed by pigment molecules, how reaction center pigments pass excited electrons to an electron transport chain, and how the energetically "downhill" flow of electrons leads to synthesis of ATP and NADPH. Photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, are light-harvesting molecules found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. Compound forms: any two forms combined to make a new, large form. Dynamics: dramatic, at extremes of the dynamic range; tempi use expressive terminology. Nationalism and folk elements. The other ingredient needed by the Calvin cycle is ATP, and this too is provided by the light reactions. Arrange the movement/act/organization in ascending order of occurrence. In these transfers, the receiving molecule cannot require more energy for excitation than the donor, but may require less energy (i. e., may absorb light of a longer wavelength). About percent of the oxygen is used by mitochondria in the leaf to support oxidative phosphorylation.
Within this type of scale. Trio sonata: two solo instruments, keyboard and continuous bass instrument. Ensembles: string orchestras are expanded with individual instruments that contrast in timbre to each other. Nationalistic opera. At least in some cases, chloroplasts seem to switch from linear to cyclic electron flow when the ratio of NADPH to NADP is too high (when too little NADP is available to accept electrons). Some of the released energy drives pumping of ions from the stroma into the thylakoid interior, building a gradient. Rhythm: displaced accents, shifting and overlapping of duple and triple patterns. Middle Ages (also referred to as medieval music): 600-1420.
Picardy comes from north French region where many of these composers originated). Melodies: disjunct, Sprechstimme (half sung/half spoken). As the electron moves through this electron transport chain, it goes from a higher to a lower energy level, releasing energy. Photosystems are structures within the thylakoid membrane that harvest light and convert it to chemical energy. The musical form is repeated using different verses. Notation: neumes --groups of notes in symbols, showing the direction of the melodic patterns. Some electrons flow cyclically. ATP consists of adenosine - itself composed of an adenine ring and a ribose sugar - and three phosphate groups (triphosphate). This transfer of, along with the release of from the splitting of water, forms a proton gradient that will be used to make ATP (as we'll see shortly). Since there are algae which can do photosynthesis in low light conditions, why wouldn't it be possible for plants too? Polychoral: two or more choirs in a composition, usually with an antiphonal or echo effect. Click on Music Reference, then Oxford Music Online. In other words, the transfers of electrons from PSII to PSI, and from PSI to NADPH, are only energetically "downhill" (energy-releasing, and thus spontaneous) because electrons in P680 and P700 are boosted to very high energy levels by absorption of energy from light. Timbres: non-traditional uses of instruments, global instruments, electronic sounds.
Ayre: secular polyphonic composition with words in English. Or to rephrase; if there is not enough or very little NADP+ what happens to the electron transport chain? Two binary forms can be combined (Minuet? PSII comes first in the path of electron flow, but it is named as second because it was discovered after PSI. Ornamentation: melodic decorations, often improvised or added from symbols given in scores. Overview of the light-dependent reactions. Different pitches and in various keys, processing the modulations, fragments or registers of the subject. Rondos are typically used as the last movement of a Classical sonata, string quartet or symphony.
Vernacular: texts in the language of the people (English, French, Spanish, German, etc. Asymmetrical meters: meters with an uneven number of subdivisions (7/4, 5/8). A capital refers to an exact repetition. My textbook says that ATP is made as electrons move along the electron transport chain. Once an electron has gone down the first leg of the electron transport chain, it arrives at PSI, where it joins the chlorophyll a special pair called P700. In another form of the light reactions, called cyclic photophosphorylation, electrons follow a different, circular path and only ATP (no NADPH) is produced. What power output of the rider is required to maintain a constant speed of 4. Accompaniment: complex, sometimes contrapuntal, with wide ranges and disjunct intervals. Accompaniments: broken triadic patterns (Alberti bass); repetitive broken octaves (murky bass). Thus, above mentioned is the ascending order for the given situation. Dissonance: a harmonic combination that is unstable, often including seconds or sevenths. I am still confused whether the hydrogen ions are pumped from lumen to stroma or from stroma to lumen or both? Here are some of the key differences between the photosystems: - Special pairs. The high-energy electron travels down an electron transport chain, losing energy as it goes.
Concertato style: contrast is emphasized through alternating groups of voices and/or instruments. Meter: groups of beats in a recurring pattern with accentuation on strong beats. Processive forms: variation forms: continuous variations: includes an ostinato -- a repeated bass line or set of chords (usually 4-8 measures). In fact, it's called photophosphorylation because it involves using light energy (photo) to make ATP from ADP (phosphorylation). Here are the basic steps: - Light absorption in PSII. In some cases, electrons break this pattern and instead loop back to the first part of the electron transport chain, repeatedly cycling through PSI instead of ending up in NADPH.
Voice ranges: bass, tenor, alto, soprano (from lowest to highest). String quartet: two violins, viola, cello. Melismatic: one syllable sung to several notes. The sonata form emerges. Concerto grosso: a small group of solo instruments contrasted with a chamber orchestra. Endangered species preservation act. Return to musical characteristics of earlier periods: Neo-Classicism (including Neo-Baroque elements). §Note: If you are not familiar with this concept, I suggest watching: and then reading the article following that video for details. Assume that frictional losses of energy are negligible. This electron is provided through the splitting of water molecules, a process carried out by a portion of PSII called the manganese center.
Return to Music History Page. Thus, energy is produced from the new bonds formed between ADP and water, and between phosphate and water. Polytonality: the simultaneous use of two or more key areas. Genres: opera seria. Genres: single-movement compositions, except for the Mass cycle and dance pairs. Ranges: narrow, usually less than an octave. But what happens to the light energy that is absorbed? As we saw above, ions build inside the thylakoid interior and make a concentration gradient. Modified strophic: simply means that the repetitions of the sections are varied slightly, but not so much. Related to melody: contour: the shape of the melody as rising or falling. Due to the production of free radicals, thus damage of photosystem - especially water-splitting photosystem II. Trio - Minuet) to produce a larger ABA structure. Canzona: instrumental composition in the style of a chanson. The passing of the electron in the first part of the electron transport chain causes protons to be pumped from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen.
NADP reductase transfers electrons to the electron carrier NADP to make NADPH. Movement composition. Strictly speaking, the bond itself is not high in energy (like all chemical bonds it requires energy to break), but energy is produced when the bond is broken and water is allowed to react with the two products. Before we get into the details of the light-dependent reactions, let's step back and get an overview of this remarkable energy-transforming process. Harmony: perfect consonances (perfect fourths, fifths and octaves). Melodic motion: conjunct in each voice part. The high-energy electron is passed to an acceptor molecule and replaced with an electron from water. Reaction center chlorophylls P700 and P680. This energy can be used by a variety of enzymes, motor proteins, and transport proteins to carry out the work of the cell. Texts: vernacular and Latin.
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